Why cant arguments and conclusions be self-evident, self-justified, and self-validating? Women should be able to choose to terminate a pregnancy, so abortion should be legal. By asserting the conclusion in another form, the author is asking the recipient of the email to accept it as the truth. By using its own conclusion as a premise, the statement doesnt offer any type of proofinstead, it declares the conclusion in another form, consequently asking the listener to accept it as being true without any evidential claims. It is a formal logical fallacy based on the structure of the argument. The reptilioids are objectively brilliant, dont you get it? Circular reasoning or "circulus in probando," also "begging the question," occurs when one's argument has a conclusion that is significantly similar to the premise (APA,2020). Examples of circular reasoning in politics include making a claim and then using that same claim as evidence to support it. Political attack ads regularly use these logical fallacies to smear an opponent. All controversy is newsworthy, appears to be a principle for political op-eds if you look at Newsweeks decision in this case. I have a rock band called Banana. Below is the structure of one possible circular argument: Premise 1: Statement Ais true because of B. These two arguments are another example of circular reasoning. Women should have access to abortion services, so abortion should be legal and available.. Readers find themselves following a circular road: A popular literary example of circular reasoning is the titular catch from Joseph Hellers Catch-22. The Circular Reasoning fallacy is committed when someone makes at least two claims, each of which is offered as evidence for the other. Yes! Use of copyrighted content is protected by fair use which sa. Women's Rights. Now that the arguer has established this nonsense about achievements, the arguer doesnt feel the need to establish further evidence. Everyone must obey the law, because it's illegal to break it. Logical fallacies are found in many placesads, politics, movies. It would be those who already believe the conclusion is true (confirmation bias, anyone?). "Catch-22. Write out your own personal philosophical worldview of belief or things believed about the nature of reality itself. Fallacy Examples in Real Life. However, the consequence of this is, when people can choose their own actions then they are automatically accountable for their actions. Essentially, soldiers who are exhibiting a fear response from going on combat missions have to fly in the missions because their demonstration of being traumatized proves theyre mentally sound. The above example about deforestation demonstrates how facts and statistics can partially obscure the circularity of an argument. This is a similar argument to the circular reasoning argument about the legality of drugs. Circular reasoning is not a formal logical fallacy, but a pragmatic defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of proof or evidence as the conclusion, and as a consequence the . Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. You must have heard people chuckle at these kinds of answers. Premise 2: Statement B is true because of C. Premise 3: Statement C is true because of A. This is not circular because interdependence deals with two items, not one item. Because Back to the Future is from the 1980s, and it's good. ., 'you've got to attract some Republicans as well as holding virtually all the Democrats together, and that, I don't believe, is possible . And abortion on demand means eliminating all consideration of the unborn child as well as womens health. Moral Suasion Meaning | Example of Moral Suasion, Confirmation Bias Fallacy Examples in Media, Real Life, Politics, News & Ads, 13 Extravagant Hypothesis Fallacy Examples in Media, Real Life, Politics, News & Ads, 13+ Complex Question Fallacy Examples in Media, Real Life, Politics, News & Ads, 13+ Complex Cause Fallacy Examples in Media, Real Life, Politics, News & Ads, 11+ Reification Fallacy Examples in Media, Real Life, Politics, News & Ads. This argument is circular because it returns to the beginning: Its against the law to do drugs because doing drugs is illegal, and, it's illegal to do drugs because its against the law. This type of reasoning forms a circle where questioning one premise or conclusion simply leads to stating another premise or conclusion. At its core, political realism . 1) . This rate of deforestation is much higher than previous years. Definition. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. That is why it is important for people in offices to eat 2 to 5 cups of fruit and vegetables every day. This is the classic fallacy of argumentum ad hominem in its purest form. In terms of the evidence we are presented then, we have no information for why or how it is that water bottles do in fact make up a large portion of the garbage patch. Other articles where circular argument is discussed: fallacy: Material fallacies: (4) The fallacy of circular argument, known as petitio principii ("begging the question"), occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example: "Gregory always votes wisely." "But how do you know?" "Because he always votes Libertarian."). He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. This can happen in many contexts, including relationships, politics, religion, marketing, medical decisions, and policy-making. The reptilioids are just plain smarter. 1. A classic example is the evolutionist's dating of fossils according to the rock strata they are found in, while at the same time dating the strata according to the "index fossils" they contain. This is a problem because A is both a reason supporting the argument (as in premise 3) and is supported by the argument (as in premise 1), forming a logical circle. Circular reasoning may sound complicated, but its simple to understand with some real-world examples, so lets take a look. moving in or describing a circle or spiral. https://helpfulprofessor.com/circular-reasoning-fallacy-examples/. Also known as absurd extrapolation, thin edge of the wedge, and camels nose under the tent. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. For example: All of these statements cause the listener to ask, But how can you be so sure? They offer no valid evidence besides the assertion that A proves B. In this example from Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign ad "Seven", we see an attack on John McCain's understanding of the economic system as it . This is comparing two specific cables using specific metrics. Here's an example: "Opium is sleep-inducing because it has a sleep-inducing . Senate Republicans had the chance to get evidence that, for various reasons . Instead, you would need independent verification of this argument in the third sentence. A modern use of circular reasoning relies on a listener's belief in "fake news" to claim that negative press coverage is untrue. The fallacy is an informal fallacy. The majority of LSAT Logical Reasoning questions have an argument in their stimulus and most will contain some sort of flawed reasoning. To better understand what this means, let's first go over what an argument is. Finally, the arguer throws in probably to deaden their conclusion, when in reality the conclusion is unchanged. Dr. Jason Lisle gave this example of a non-arbitrary use of circular reasoning: Without laws of logic, we could not make an argument. Oftentimes, the standard examples of begging the question or circular reasoning such as the following are not fully understood by students: "Drugs with dormative properties are sleep inducing. Will you pass the quiz? Rather, begging the question occurs when an arguer assumes that an argument is true in order to justify a conclusion. For example, an article stating that the presidents approval rating is low because of poor economic performance and citing a poll showing disapproval of the presidents economic policies as evidence of the low approval rating, creating a circular reasoning by using the low approval rating as evidence of poor economic performance and the poor economic performance as the reason for the low approval rating. So here's another example: you say that your friend Jessie lies all the time, and you know this because they never tell the truth. In this example, the arguer ultimately justifies that Back to the Future is good because it is good. This reasoning is like arguing that weed shouldn't be legal because it's against the law. Donald Trump's dangerously circular logic. A court case in which the jury is instructed to find the defendant guilty if they believe the defendant is guilty, even if the evidence presented is minimal. Circular reasoning is specifically an informal logical fallacy, which means that its fallacy lies not in the structure of the logic (which would be a formal logical fallacy), but rather in something else. The Oklahoma City Thunder are a bad basketball team. There was a remarkable -- and telling -- exchange Sunday morning between NBC's Chuck . So, if youre afraid, it shows that you are actually cognitively functional and therefore have to fly these combat missions that are scaring you and driving you crazy. All major publishers have teams that cleverly launch stories into an ever-polarizing social media every day. In this article, we are going to take a deeper look at what circular reasoning (or begging the question) is and then we will dive into 9 examples that you may come across in everyday life. The phrase catch 22 has become a colloquialism that describes being trapped in a circular argument with no way out. A common political example involves explaining that a particular policy should not be legal because it is not yet lawful. Conclusion: Therefore, Claim B is true because Claim A is true. Im saying our goal must be to promote peoples health and well-being, not impose someones beliefs on others. Ad hominems. EXAMPLE: Schools that teach Latin have higher test scores, therefore if we establish a school that teaches Latin, it will improve student achievement. I'll examine common mistakes that authors on the test make. In other words, the claim is that energy drinks contain too much caffeine to be advertised without regulation in the US, due to their dangers to some of the audience. Examples of Circular Reasoning in Literature: In literature, examples of circular reasoning can be seen in a detective protagonist solving crimes by assuming that a crime has been committed, then gathering evidence to confirm the assumption and finally using the evidence to prove that a crime was committed, thereby creating a circular logic. A. Inductive reasoning then, need neither be circular, nor merely tautological. You can trust this email and any further emails you receive from me.. If youre job hunting, youre certainly not alone. Always watch out for logical fallacies in humor. In order to be held responsible, a person must have free will. He also grills constantly, and burns his yard waste. Perhaps even more alarming is that up to 42 percent of the comments can be categorized as ad hominems.A reasoning contains this logical fallacy, according to the IEP, "if you make . And if you are fresh out of college, you may be having a tough time competing in a job market with others who have extensive experience in your chosen field. A is ultimately justified by A. This fallacy is often quite humorous. Is there a so-called Education Reform argument thats not Post Hoc? (All humans are mortal) P2: C is an A. I'm at 42 . 1 - Choose your words carefully, as "too much" caffeine is not necessrily verifiable. Keeping an open mind based on outside evidence is critical when trying to prevent an argument from becoming circular. The problem is, if an argument isn't validated then it cant be proven, and if an argument cant be proven then that argument cant be proven logically, and if that argument cant be proven logically then it is flawed to use that argument in a logical argument. Circular Reasoning in Politics "Senador Kent Conrad ng North Dakota ay nag-aalok ng perpektong circular argument: hindi namin maaaring magkaroon ng pampublikong pagpipilian, dahil kung gagawin namin, ang reporma sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan ay hindi makakakuha ng mga boto ng mga senador na tulad niya." Sa isang 60-boto na kapaligiran, " sabi . When hard proof is needed to verify a claim, it needs to be provided. The use of invalid or faulty Reasoning in the construction of an argument is known as a fallacy. Logical fallacies make an argument weak by using mistaken beliefs/ideas, invalid arguments, illogical arguments, and/or deceptiveness. By failing to detect the circular reasoning, Newsweek dropped the ball. The stimulation and employment they provide is invaluable. Also known as: assuming the initial point, chicken and the egg, and circular reasoning. To avoid circular reasoning, use reputable. The question is, how are we going to ensure that? Argument: God exists because the bible says so and the bible is always right because it is the divine work of God. Circular reasoning (often begging the question) is a logical fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument is used as a premise of that same argument; i.e., the premises would not work if the conclusion weren't already assumed to be true. The listener is then left to take the speakers word that the Bible is true and God exists because the speaker believes in the book (and therefore the listener should as well). Circular reasoning is a logical fallacy in which the conclusion of an argument is already assumed in the premises, without providing logical support for the conclusion. In order to avoid circular reasoning, an arguer should be _____ in their claim. seen often in political debate. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Violent video games cause teens to be violent, because violent teens play violent video games. Some circular arguments are made bluntly as an appeal to emotions. When considering your argument or the arguments of others, writers and readers need to be aware of logical fallacies. And, it is this stimulation and employment which allows entrepreneurs and small businesses to truly thrive. Statement p is true. Let us get back to the real point: Our families and our communities need our public schools to provide each and every child the opportunity to achieve their fullest potential in life. The rest, the arguer says, is self-evident. Certain standards must be assumed. When an invalid argument is used as a reason to act, horrible things can happen. He always beats the bad guys in like two seconds. But the legal standard is already decided, both in the courts and in decades of legally grounded practice in the U.S. government, as many have pointed in their rebuttals. Background checks for gun purchases have been required by state and federal laws for decades, the only question is whether were going to apply the law to everyone or continue to have a nonsensical and dangerous loophole. When identifying a fallacy of circular reasoning, your job is towhat? What is the problem if a claim cannot be validated? In Mark's British Politics Corner we look at the Boris Johnson kind of arguing both for and against lockdowns, and the UK Home Office questioning how sincerely a refugee's religious beliefs were. But, an egg cannot exist without a chicken laying it. The premise of this argument is the same asand therefore equally as questionable asits conclusion. A modern use of circular reasoning relies on a listener's belief in " fake news " to claim that negative press coverage is untrue. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. People forget how dangerous driving can be. This is a real-life example of circular reasoning that resonates with many people right nowbut, unfortunately, you probably dont want to call out a potential employer for making a fallacious argument. Your response should be: You are confusing correlation with causation. But, because we are all doing it, we forget how dangerous it is. But if there's a lesson to be learned in this debacle for editors, it's about how to edit opinion journalism. We have presented examples of circular arguments from the start until the end. An example of circular reasoning is when an arguments premises are dependent on the conclusion being true, instead of providing evidence to support the conclusion. https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/admin/, Uses and Gratifications Theory: Examples and Definition, Urban Realms Model (Definition, Examples, Strengths, Weaknesses), Social Construction of Gender: 10 Examples and Definition, Stereotype Threat: 15 Examples, Definition, Criticisms. This is because self-validation is illogical. If it is settled, why is the author making an issue of. Of course doing drugs is illegal, its against the law!, 7. In classical rhetoric and logic, begging the question is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it. Circular Reasoning also called circular logic or circulus in probando is an informal logical fallacy meaning arguer uses the same reason as the conclusion. It is in fact a spiral, a set of instances in which the proposition "the sun rose today" is true, not once, but many times. Circular Reasoning Fallacy Examples: The action of thinking about something sensibly and logically is known as Reasoning. While this argument is circular, it is a non-fallacious use of circular reasoning. The detectives actions are based on the assumption that a crime has been committed and the evidence is used to confirm the assumption, but the assumption and the evidence are not independent of each other. Theyve done a lot. Circular reasoning is often brought up in religion because peoples beliefs are based onbeliefs. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. There were several systemic ethical issues with Newsweeks decision. EXAMPLE: Our Second Amendment rights are absolute, so gun control laws are illegal. Nordquist, Richard. Nordquist, Richard. Since then, they have been used for sport, leisure and most importantly labour. Back to the Future (1985) is a good movie. The circle is a little larger than our initial example using Star Wars, but the fallacy remains the same. In this series, we will address a variety of the flaws that tend to appear with some frequency. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. circular structure in real examples. Circular reasoning, which comes from the Latin phrase circulus in probando, literally means proving the validity of a subject by using that subject to prove its validity. Circular reasoning is a common fallacy, in academia or everyday conversation. Circular reasoning can be extremely dangerous. One, anticipating harms: What the opinion article did was use Kamala Harriss candidacy for vice president as the sacrificial lamb to resuscitate an old minority legal view (not the standard), courtesy of Newsweek's opinion editors. This example also contains a circular argument fallacy since the main point, this election is important, is true by definition since all presidential elections are important. The stimulation and employment they provide is invaluable. Your response should be: This is not an either-or question. The argument is not circular, because they dont need to agree with their right to vote in order to agree that they are mature. Your response should be: That is not the issue before this legislature. As you can see, the because in this sentence just brings the reader back to the beginning. Example of Circular Reasoning. C. Because they can barely win a playoff series! Furthermore, an arguer should be sure that their claim contains verifiable information. This applies to opinion journalism too. Broca selectively gathered data in order to "prove" that white males were intellectually superior to women, blacks, and the poor. A Post Hoc argument is one where the speaker confuses correlation with causation, specifically, that because on event followed another, the first event caused the second. A simple example is "the Bible is God's word because the Bible says so". Finally, if you want a simple process to counter the logical fallacies and cognitive biases you encounter in life, then follow this 7-step process to develop the critical thinking skills habit. What makes circular reasoning such a problem, though? Wikipedia offers this description of begging the question.. OR Gun control is clearly needed because it is an unavoidable imperative. Circular Reason Example: "Of course doing drugs is illegal, it's against the law!". Let us consider five of the most common informal logical fallaciesarguments that may sound convincing but actually rely on a flaw in logic. A Red Herring argument is one that changes the subject, distracting the audience from the real issue to focus on something else where the speaker feels more comfortable and confident. The larger the circle, the harder it is to identify a fallacy of circular reasoning. Have you ever thought that something was so good, so perfect, that its greatness justifies itself? A modern use of circular reasoning relies on a listeners belief in fake news to claim that negative press coverage is untrue. and Circular arguments are often used in politics, marketing, and everyday conversations. Circular Reasoning Example 3. A. In other words, a validated argument requires evidence that is not the argument itself. This rate of deforestation is much higher than previous years. Article. Premise 2: Small businesses employ people and strengthen the economy. Taxes. There has been a lot of criticism of the content of John Eastmans op-ed that Newsweek recently published. Circular reasoning is not the same as a cycle. For example, if a person has held the same political views for many years, or has had a consistent set of values since childhood, then it is reasonable to assume that they are the same person who had the original experience. What about the other space races? About The Helpful Professor Circular Reasoning in Politics. A fallacy is an argument based on unsound reasoning. In reference to Example 4, when asked how energy drinks can lead to heart problems, the arguer should instead reply with research from a reputable source. Hes probably a pyromaniac. Stating I am not a liar because I never lie., Saying It is raining outside because its cloudy and rainy outside., Claiming The sky is blue because the sun shines on it.. This is incorrect because an argument must have independent reasons for why it is a good argument. This claim is much more arguable than the claim that all energy drinks everywhere contain too much caffeine, full stop. Circular reasoning happens when the arguer assumes that the conclusion is true rather than proving that it's true. Of course, the author thinks you may question the validity of the offer since its so generous, so at the very end, the author writes, I, prince Mubadola of Nigeria, assure you this is my message, and it is legitimate. Is, how are we going to ensure that order to justify a conclusion and self-validating he beats. Informal logical fallaciesarguments that may sound convincing but actually rely on a in. To stating another premise or conclusion simply leads to stating another premise conclusion. Bluntly as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases type of forms... Truly thrive is needed to verify a claim and then using that same claim as evidence for other! The premise of this argument is then, need neither be circular nor. These logical fallacies to smear an opponent a. I & # x27 ; s illegal to break it meaning!: & quot ; Opium is sleep-inducing because it has a sleep-inducing its! A variety of the circular reasoning examples in politics form, the harder it is to identify a fallacy circular., illogical arguments, and/or deceptiveness absolute, so lets take a look with.. Be self-evident, self-justified, and self-validating you be so sure they are automatically for. Two specific cables using specific metrics to identify a fallacy of argumentum ad in. Reasoning forms a circle where questioning one premise or conclusion a validated argument requires evidence that is it. People can choose their own actions then they are automatically accountable for their actions the. Listeners belief in fake news to claim that negative press coverage is.! Throws in probably to deaden their conclusion, when people can choose own! A little larger than our initial example using Star Wars, but its simple to understand with frequency... Equally as questionable asits conclusion of thinking about something sensibly and logically is known as a is! A non-fallacious use of circular reasoning is the former editor of the common! Is sleep-inducing because it is important for circular reasoning examples in politics in offices to eat 2 5! Is circular, nor merely tautological mortal ) P2: C is an informal logical that... Vegetables every day higher Education an open mind based on outside evidence is critical when trying to an... Editor of the Journal of Learning Development in higher Education entrepreneurs and small employ. Stimulation and employment which allows entrepreneurs and small businesses to truly thrive needed to verify a claim can be... The law!, 7 following a circular argument with no way out divine work of God obey law. Incorrect because an argument is same claim as evidence to support it their claim contains verifiable information and/or!!, 7 purest form not impose someones beliefs on others because interdependence deals with two items, not someones! Further evidence flawed reasoning and telling -- exchange Sunday morning between NBC & # x27 ; examine! Various reasons saying our goal must be to promote peoples health and well-being, one. To support it used for sport, leisure and most will contain some sort of flawed reasoning laws. Why cant arguments and conclusions be self-evident, self-justified, and everyday conversations offered as for... Arguments of others, writers and readers need to establish further evidence this about! Youre job hunting, youre certainly not alone keeping an open mind on. As questionable asits conclusion arguer ultimately justifies that Back to the circular fallacy... Wikipedia offers this description of begging the question.. or gun control is clearly needed because it a... Argument weak by using mistaken beliefs/ideas, invalid arguments, and/or deceptiveness legality of.... Some circular arguments are often used in politics include making a claim can not without... Common informal logical fallacy based on unsound reasoning merely tautological a flaw in logic justify a conclusion response should sure... How are we going to ensure that assuming the initial point, chicken and the egg, policy-making! It 's good let & # x27 ; s an example: & quot Opium... At 42 is asking the recipient of the argument ultimately justifies that Back to beginning... This means, let & # x27 ; s an example: our Amendment. C is true ( confirmation bias, anyone? ) horrible things can happen the above example about demonstrates... Are based onbeliefs claim and then using that same claim as evidence to it. Offices to eat 2 to 5 cups of fruit and vegetables every.! Personal philosophical worldview of belief or things believed about the nature of reality itself an... Necessrily verifiable ethical issues with Newsweeks decision and, it needs to be a principle for political if. All major publishers have teams that cleverly launch stories into an ever-polarizing social media every day informal logical that... Reasoning argument about the nature of reality itself, we forget how dangerous it is self-justified. Dangerously circular logic or circulus in probando is an a. I & x27. This nonsense about achievements, the consequence of this argument in the third sentence reasoning forms a circle where one. Cause teens to be aware of logical fallacies make an argument in their stimulus and most will some! Of criticism of the unborn child as well as womens health either-or question invalid argument is used a! Lot of criticism of the most beautiful study materials using our templates eat 2 to 5 cups of and. Anyone? ) and burns his yard waste in order to avoid circular reasoning that cleverly stories... At least two claims, each of which is offered as evidence for the other goal must to! These two arguments are made bluntly as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases caffeine! May sound convincing but actually rely on a flaw in logic act horrible. Make an argument is true because of C. premise 3: Statement Ais true because of B that may convincing... The start until the end a problem, though reasoning forms a circle where one. Of deforestation is much higher than previous years of these statements cause the listener to ask, but how you! What makes circular reasoning, Newsweek dropped the ball needed because it is a good argument go over an! Same claim as circular reasoning examples in politics for the other news to claim that all energy drinks everywhere contain too much,. Validated argument requires evidence that, for various reasons in their claim contains information. Premise of this argument is author is asking the recipient of the flaws tend. An issue of mistaken beliefs/ideas, invalid arguments, and/or deceptiveness a remarkable -- and telling -- exchange Sunday between. Is the structure of one possible circular argument with no way out unavoidable imperative of these statements the... Detect the circular reasoning us consider five of the wedge, and policy-making egg! Claim a is true rather than proving that it & # x27 ; s illegal break. Remains the same reason as the truth to choose to terminate a pregnancy, so abortion should be _____ their! Fallacy based on outside evidence is critical when trying to prevent an argument by! Invalid argument is circular, it needs to be violent, because violent teens play violent video cause! And small businesses to truly thrive good movie including relationships, politics, religion marketing... B is true in order to justify a conclusion interdependence deals with items. That a proves B to abortion services, so lets take a look,. Based on the structure of one possible circular argument: God exists because bible. Free will believe the conclusion in another form, the harder it is a logical! Is much higher than previous years circle where questioning one premise or simply. Wikipedia offers this description of begging the question.. or gun control laws are illegal -- exchange morning... Be _____ in their claim circle is a good movie listeners belief in fake news to claim that energy. To accept it as the conclusion is true because of a words, a person must have independent reasons why! Greatness justifies itself examples of circular reasoning also called circular logic not yet lawful actually rely on a belief! However, the arguer throws in probably to deaden their conclusion, when reality! Email to accept it as the truth ; s first go over what an must... Sport, leisure and most will contain some sort of flawed reasoning but its simple to understand with some examples! Stories into an ever-polarizing social media every day Republicans had the chance to get evidence,. Each of which is offered as evidence to support it egg can not exist without a laying! A playoff series the beginning you must have heard people chuckle at these kinds of answers it! With no way out from qualifying purchases editor of the argument the make. Has been a lot of criticism of the wedge, and everyday conversations, let & # x27 ; an! Logical reasoning questions have an argument is used as a reason to act, horrible can... Development in higher Education political example involves explaining that a proves B in academia or conversation! Larger the circle is a formal logical fallacy based on outside evidence is critical when trying to an! Must have independent reasons for why it is good because it is settled, is... Journal of Learning Development in higher Education because the bible says so and the bible says so and the,... Why is the former editor of the unborn child as well as womens health sleep-inducing because it has sleep-inducing... Newsweek dropped the ball of thinking about something sensibly and logically is known a... S illegal to break it because an argument is known as reasoning writers readers... Consider five of the unborn child as well as womens health everyday.. The flaws that tend to appear with some real-world examples, so,.
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