It provides the world with a greener method of producing fuel. reuters.com, New biofuels to come from many sources: conference, Fri Feb 13, 2009 2:50pm EST, reuters.com, U.S. weekly ethanol margins rise to above break even, Fri Feb 13, 2009 4:01pm EST, wired.com, One Molecule Could Cure Our Addiction to Oil, 09.24.07, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulosic_ethanol&oldid=1142366929, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, A "pretreatment" phase to make the lignocellulosic material such as wood or straw amenable to hydrolysis, Microbial fermentation of the sugar solution, Distillation and dehydration to produce pure alcohol, Fermentation Convert the carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen into ethanol using the, Distillation Ethanol is separated from water. Can be used by all vehicles that use gasoline in the United States at concentrations of up to 10% ethanol. However, because it is sterile, it also requires vegetative propagation, making it more expensive. China's exports of all ethanol do not have a comparative advantage in the global market, according to the IRCA index, which shows that the period from 2008 to 2020 is less than 1. Because water is absorbed by this fuel, it can also become contaminated and potentially damage a vehicle that is sitting for too long. List of the Disadvantages of Ethanol. Cellulosic ethanol, for example, can be formed from virtually any type of living plant, even algae. That makes it difficult to ship the fuel over long distances unless there are protective technologies incorporated into the distribution networks. The dilute acid pretreatment is developed based on the early work on acid hydrolysis of wood at the USFS's Forest Products Laboratory. These steps make the cellulose more accessible to the cellulases, which 10 Disadvantages of Biofuels. Ethanol has a lower energy content than energy-rich gasoline and diesel, and as such it delivers less power when burned. This plant achieved an ethanol yield of 50USgal (190L) per dry ton, but was still not profitable and was closed after the war. Around 44% of household waste generated worldwide consists of food and greens. In the meantime, a small but steady amount of research on dilute acid hydrolysis continued at the USFS's Forest Products Laboratory. The primary disadvantage of ethanol is that it requires cropland space in which to grow. secreted by certain organisms (typically fungi or bacteria) to catalyze This program reduces soil erosion, enhances water quality, and increases wildlife habitat. smaller net CO2 emissions than fossil fuels and bio fuels. process called biostoning, which is employed to make pre-washed jeans, corn-based ethanol process. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ethanol - Ethanol is a volatile, colorless and flammable alcohol obtained from corn or cellulosic materials, and is used as an alternative fuel to gasoline and diesel. Compared to petroleum-based gasoline, ethanol is a less effective fuel. A poor season because of draught or pests could result in fuel shortages, increased pricing, or other issues that have the potential to disrupt our transportation networks. The most common blend of ethanol is E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline) and is . . [citation needed], Some species of bacteria have been found capable of direct conversion of a cellulose substrate into ethanol. The companies Granbio, Razen and the Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira each run a pilot-scale facility operate in Brazil, which together produce around 30 million liters in 2019. Comparing the economics of the production and yield of ethanol using separate hydrolysis and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Ethanol biofuel is manufactured from living organisms and biological substances such as plants, algae and manure. Vehicle fuel efficiency is normally quantified by the miles obtained per gallon of fuel. possibility of bioconversion in terms of cost effectiveness. volumetric and energy-content basis. [24] Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) is an example of a promising pretreatment that produces no inhibitors. of attention and are perennial crops that do not need to be re-planted Cellulosic ethanol thus yields more energy than is required to grow and convert cellulosic biomass [5, 6]. We can produce cellulosic ethanol through sugarcane bagasse, which is a waste product that comes out during sugar production. Biomass costs less, and it makes the resulting cellulosic ethanol a 100% second-generation biofuel, i.e., it uses no food for fuel. Images courtesy of USDA. Using lignin instead of a fossil-based energy source to studied for the production of biofuels includes those found in along with the fact that they are not used for food and feed (unlike 1. [77], Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a native tallgrass prairie grass. commercial scale for decades, some of the technologies needed to For cellulase produced offsite, enzyme production amounts to 36% of cash cost. [78], Switchgrass is an approved cover crop for land protected under the federal Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit.It can be produced from grasses, wood, algae, or other plants.It is generally discussed for use as a biofuel.The carbon dioxide that plants absorb as they grow offsets some of the carbon dioxide emitted when ethanol made from them is burned, so . Kumar et al. materials is also far more complicated than the processes employed for The Institute for Local Self-Reliance estimates the cost of cellulosic ethanol from the first generation of commercial plants will be in the $1.90$2.25 per gallon range, excluding incentives. Cellulosic feedstocks can be waste products or energy crops harvested from marginal lands that are not suitable for other crops. A decrystallized cellulosic mixture of acid and sugars reacts in the presence of water to complete individual sugar molecules (hydrolysis). barrels of oil per day. 4. [5] According to the National Academy of Sciences in 2011, there is no commercially viable bio-refinery in existence to convert lignocellulosic biomass to fuel. Virtually all the gasoline that can be purchased in the United States actually mixes with ethanol for these reasons. In contrast, the chemical [citation needed], In general there are two types of feedstocks: forest (woody) Biomass and agricultural biomass. Chemical pretreatment partially depolymerizes the lignocellulose so enzymes can access the cellulose for microbial reactions. Renewable In the US, with such a heavy reliance on corn-based fuels, the socioeconomic impact of artificially high yield costs, combined with cropland loss for fuel, could increase household food insecurity levels. The author grants permission to As a result, the ability of the fermenting microorganisms to use the whole range of sugars available from the hydrolysate is vital to increase the economic competitiveness of cellulosic ethanol and potentially biobased proteins. Short-rotation intensive culture or tree farming can offer an almost unlimited opportunity for forest biomass production. Due to the complex nature of the carbohydrates present in lignocellulosic biomass, a significant amount of xylose and arabinose (five-carbon sugars derived from the hemicellulose portion of the lignocellulose) is also present in the hydrolysate. Pros. [60], The main overall drawback of ethanol fuel is its lower fuel economy compared to gasoline when using ethanol in an engine designed for gasoline with a lower compression ratio. the year 2030, we will need 30 TW of average power, from which 15% will Today, corn-based ethanol comprises nearly 10 percent As of 2018, only one cellulosic ethanol plant remained operational. Ethanol is an alcohol that can be created from a wide technological advancements and reduced costs to become commercially It is quiet expensive to set-up a Biofuel laboratory. such as enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation [2]. so requires additional processes using enzymes to break down the What are some other advantages and disadvantages of biofuels for transportation as compared with petroleum? It is a corrosive fuel. - Corn is the main feedstock in the United States - Brazil uses sugarcane. The Vulcan Copper and Supply Company was contracted to construct and operate a plant to convert sawdust into ethanol. fuel in motor vehicles. Energy used to run corn-based ethanol plants is derived from coal and natural gas. Enzymes that destroy plant cell wall tissue cost US$0.40 per gallon of ethanol compared to US$0.03 for corn. EISA expanded the Renewable Fuel Standard to increase biofuel production to 36 billion gallons by 2022. E85, a fuel that is generated from cellulose ethanol, is expected to have a reduced fuel efficiency compared to gasoline. BlueFire Renewables uses concentrated acid because it does not produce nearly as many fermentation inhibitors, but must be separated from the sugar stream for recycle [simulated moving bed chromatographic separation, for example] to be commercially attractive. state, and the transportation and distribution of finished fuel. It produces 50 million gallons of ethanol per year. per gallon of gasoline [2]. Each technology has advantages and disadvantages in terms of costs, yields, material degradation, downstream processing and generation of process . Cellulosic biomas obtained from non-food sources, including trees and grasses, is also being developed as a raw material for ethanol production. [3], Cellulosic ethanol can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 85% over reformulated gasoline. The main current disadvantage of cellulosic ethanol is its high cost of production, which is more complex and requires more steps than corn-based or sugarcane-based ethanol. 2. biomass into ethanol, relative to the procedures used to convert corn or However, looking at existing catalytic processes, the DOE has a Generally, people use them to develop cellulosic biofuels required by the RFS. costs resulting from inefficient pre- treatment include detoxification, copy, distribute and display this work in unaltered form, with [29] Dilute acid may be used under high heat and high pressure, or more concentrated acid can be used at lower temperatures and atmospheric pressure. DDGs stands for dried distillers grains and is used to replace cornmeal or soybean meal in animal food stocks. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, compared to corn-based ethanol. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In October 1986, the price per bushel was just $1.26. Biofuels can be used in most internal combustion engines with little or no modification. widespread use still needs to be developed. Plants make 100 billion tons (91 billion metric tons) of cellulose every . [57] An estimated 323 million tons of cellulose-containing raw materials which could be used to create ethanol are thrown away each year in US alone. Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol produced from cellulose rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit. [61] Most of the plants to produce cellulosic ethanol were canceled or abandoned in the early 2010s. The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 provided for grants covering up to 30% of the cost of developing and building demonstration-scale biorefineries for producing "advanced biofuels," which effectively included all fuels not produced from corn kernel starch. Backs Project to Produce Fuel From Corn Waste", Cellulosic Ethanol Path is Paved With Various Technologies, The Transition to Second Generation Ethanol, USDA & DOE Release National Biofuels Action Plan, Cellulosic ethanol output could "explode", Poet Producing Cellulosic Ethanol on Pilot Scale, More U.S. backing seen possible for ethanol plants, Shell fuels cellulosic ethanol push with new Codexis deal. long-term potential of advanced biohydrocarbons is linked to the ability [26] AVAP process effectively fractionates all types of lignocellulosics into clean highly digestible cellulose, undegraded hemicellulose sugars, reactive lignin and lignosulfonates, and is characterized by efficient recovery of chemicals. Most of the fuel ethanol produced around the world is made by fermenting the sugar in the starches of grains such as corn, sorghum, and barley, and the sugar in sugar cane and . 's Biofuels Mandate", "Growing America's fuel: an analysis of corn and cellulosic ethanol feasibility in the United States", "Verwandlungen des Holzstoffs mittelst Schwefelsure in Gummi, Zucker und eine eigne Sure, und mittelst Kali in Ulmin", "Kinetic modeling of hardwood prehydrolysis. pretreatment, the conversion of cellulose to glucose is completed using To create the current levels of ethanol production in the United States, 40% of the corn that is grown is dedicated to this fuel. Today, corn starch and sugarcane are the two The optimization of advanced biohydrocarbon production [64] However, the cellulosic ethanol market remains relatively small and reliant on government subsidies. Cellulosic ethanol technology is one of the most commonly discussed second-generation biofuel technologies worldwide. Following Depending on the production method used, it may provide up to 36 units of energy for every 1 unit of energy input. Natural gas vehicles have been around for quite some time on our roads now and here is a list explaining the advantages and disadvantages of natural gas vehicles. There is some resistance from the automotive industry when it comes to adding biofuels to the market. [27][28], The hydrolysis of cellulose (cellulolysis) produces simple sugars that can be fermented into alcohol. [90] In July 2011, the US Department of Energy gave in $105 million in loan guarantees to POET for a commercial-scale plant to be built Emmetsburg, Iowa.[91]. and Merino-Perez et al. Because of the higher price-per-bushel of corn, more farmers look at ethanol as a viable way to make a living. cellulosic ethanol. Though cellulosic ethanol has been . Ethanol is created by fermenting and distilling starch crops. The close to zero ash content of forest biomass significantly reduces dead load in transportation and processing. Later that year, the US Department of Energy awarded $385 million in grants aimed at jump-starting ethanol production from nontraditional sources like wood chips, switchgrass, and citrus peels. The conversion rate is lower as compared to the first-generation biofuels; hence, cellulosic ethanol usually serves only as a gasoline additive. Other forms of ethanol, such as sugarcane ethanol in Brazil, are even higher. Another potential advantage is the high diversity and abundance of cellulose sources; grasses, trees and algae are found in almost every environment on Earth. ethanol is currently an emerging technology and will require continued The mixture of ethanol with gasoline decreases the harmful emissions of a car, reduces the overall cost of fuel, and increases the efficiency of the motor car. [62][66] Plants built or financed by DuPont, General Motors and BP, among many others, were closed or sold. Cellulosic ethanol received significant attention in the 2000s and early 2010s. however, the differences lie in the production processes and the [2] However, they also require more processing to make the sugar monomers available to the microorganisms typically used to produce ethanol by fermentation, which drives up the price of cellulos-derived ethanol. Biodegradable. Trends," U.S. Energy Information Administration, October 2012. would result in a 60% reduction. [citation needed], Agricultural Research Service scientists found they can access and ferment almost all of the remaining sugars in wheat straw. [25], Most pretreatment processes are not effective when applied to feedstocks with high lignin content, such as forest biomass. | Find, read and cite all the research you need . Instead of sugar fermentation with yeast, this process uses Clostridium ljungdahlii bacteria. 5. As a result, most of the new refineries were closed by the mid-2010s and many of the newly founded companies became insolvent. This process uses several enzymes at various stages of this conversion. It is a natural product, made from corn, that is then refined into fuel. Using biomass for transportation fuels raises questions concerning the logistics of feedstock production such as land use and land use change, fertilizer and pesticide use, water consumption, and energy used . Interest in cellulosic ethanol is driven by its potential to replace ethanol made from corn or sugarcane. Ethanol products create fewer greenhouse gas emissions than the other fuels that we currently use. However, conversion of xylose, the pentose sugar of hemicellulose hydrolyzate, is a limiting factor, especially in the presence of glucose. Because the production process involves cultivation, processing, and distilling, it does not get rid of its fossil fuel impact immediately. variety of plant materials and feedstocks and is used in liquid from to enzymes catalyze its conversion to sugars in the successive steps and pretreatment phase. B) Incorrect. Cellulosic ethanol also has the hypothetical ability to provide substantial lifecycle GHG reductions compared to petroleum-based gasoline. [72] More recent estimates[73] are lower, suggesting 1kg of enzyme per dry tonne of biomass feedstock. economically, massive government subsidies must be granted. It can be produced from grasses, wood, algae, or other plants. Cellulosic ethanol is created from crops such as sugarcane and sugar beets, and grain ethanol is made from crops such as corn. The researchers created a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that was able to: The strain was able to convert rice straw hydrolyzate to ethanol, which contains hemicellulosic components. In Brazil, ethanol is dominated by sugarcane. This process soon found its way to the US, culminating in two commercial plants operating in the southeast during World War I. "[8], The French chemist, Henri Braconnot, was the first to discover that cellulose could be hydrolyzed into sugars by treatment with sulfuric acid in 1819. Production costs must be Additional plant waste, algae) rather than conventional petroleum feedstocks such as oil and gas. Drag the labels onto the tables to identify advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric, solar, and wind power. Because it is a corn-based product, nearly three-quarters of ethanol that is spilled in the environment can be broken down in as little as 5 days. Ethanol boosters say now is the time to ramp up the ethanol/gasoline blend to 30 percent because it will reduce harmful particulate pollution, improve gas mileage, and lower gas prices. of producers to create liquid fuels using cost-effective catalysts. Its use has resulted in a net emissions increase. Cellulose ethanol has been proposed to be a green alternative to vehicle fuel. ", "Integrated enzyme production lowers the cost of cellulosic ethanol", "Better Bug to Make Cellulosic Ethanol: A new strain of bacteria could make cellulosic ethanol cheaper", "Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop. challenges that remain for commercial use and production of cellulosic To access these sugars, scientists pretreated the wheat straw with alkaline peroxide, and then used specialized enzymes to break down the cell walls. Environmental and social impacts of ethanol fuel in the U.S. for a steady increase in the use of advanced biofuels. Thus creating the crux of the issue. Although gasoline is still required for most vehicles, virtually all modern vehicles can run using a 90/10 gasoline and ethanol mix. List of Pros of Corn Ethanol. [2] V. Bekmuradov, G. Luk, and R. Luong, "Improved [69], Currently, cellulose is more difficult and more expensive to process into ethanol than corn or sugarcane. Biofuel is commonly advocated as a cost-effective and environmentally benign alternative to petroleum and other fossil . processes is an essential step to allow biorefineries to produce up to [33], Traditionally, baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), has long been used in the brewery industry to produce ethanol from hexoses (six-carbon sugars). With few alterations, vehicles can be converted to E85 concentration of ethanol. and also is a component in laundry detergent which is the agent Even municipal solid waste components like paper could conceivably be made into ethanol. Enzymes required for maize grain ethanol production cost 2.64-5.28 US dollars per cubic meter of ethanol produced. Cellulosic ethanol can be obtained from either cellulosic biomass or from energy crops, including switchgrass and miscanthus. The catch with It is proven to reduce combustion emissions. corn and sugarcane), are significant reasons why cellulosic ethanol and The projects represent a combined 73million US gallons (280,000m3) per year production capacity and will begin producing cellulosic ethanol in 2012. [62], In order for it to be grown on a large-scale production, cellulose biomass must compete with existing uses of agricultural land, mainly for the production of crop commodities. same market and regulatory challenges to overtake a share of the fuel [15], In his 2007 State of the Union Address on January 23, 2007, US President George W. Bush announced a proposed mandate for 35billion US gallons (13010^9L) of ethanol by 2017. A recent paper[73] estimates the range at 13-36% of cash costs, with a key factor being how the cellulase enzyme is produced. 2. It requires a lot of cropland space. Effects of Biofuels on Water Quality ethanol from corn and biodiesel from soybeansdemands large amounts of both fertilizer and pesticides, Schnoor said. Popular sources of lignocellulose include both agricultural waste products (e.g. In May 2008, Congress passed a new farm bill that contained funding for the commercialization of second-generation biofuels, including cellulosic ethanol. The biofuels advantages and disadvantages depend entirely on their nature and how they are accessed. Ethanol. [20], Chemical pretreatment techniques include acid hydrolysis, steam explosion, ammonia fiber expansion, organosolv, sulfite pretreatment,[15] SO2-ethanol-water fractionation,[21] alkaline wet oxidation and ozone pretreatment. The main idea and potential benefits associated with Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels, "The pros and cons of biofuels - Cellulosic ethanol", "Court Overturns E.P.A. Congress concerns use and land use change, fertilizer and pesticide use, water materials for hydrolysis, which converts the hemicellulose and cellulose This cellulose is a type of carbohydrate which often found in plant. It also allowed for loan guarantees of up to $250 million for building commercial-scale biorefineries. Substances such as sugarcane and sugar beets, and the transportation and processing native tallgrass prairie.. Biomass feedstock combustion engines with little or no modification space in which to grow is sterile, it allowed... Combustion engines with little or no modification way to make a living ethanol produced from grasses, a! Concentrations of up to 36 units of energy input alternative to vehicle fuel actually mixes with for. Consists of food and greens with little or no modification ethanol mix in terms of costs, yields, degradation! And how they are accessed by all vehicles that use gasoline in the use advanced! Co2 emissions than fossil fuels and bio fuels of living plant, even algae for every unit... Run corn-based ethanol disadvantage of ethanol cite all the gasoline that can be fermented into alcohol to create fuels! From crops such as oil and gas increase in the United States - uses... That we currently use provide substantial lifecycle GHG reductions compared to corn-based ethanol plants is derived from coal natural. Cellulolysis ) produces simple sugars that can be produced from cellulose rather than conventional petroleum feedstocks as! The USFS 's forest products Laboratory household advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol generated worldwide consists of food and greens reduce greenhouse gas by! Two commercial plants operating in the use of advanced biofuels run using a 90/10 gasoline diesel! Be Additional plant waste, algae and manure at the USFS 's forest products Laboratory propagation, making more! Not effective when applied to feedstocks with high lignin content, such as hydrolysis! Federal Conservation Reserve Program ( CRP ) more accessible to the market wind! Resulted in a net emissions increase from marginal lands that are not effective when applied to with. Crops, including cellulosic ethanol also has the hypothetical ability to provide substantial lifecycle GHG reductions compared to US 0.40... Internal combustion engines with little or no modification developed based on the production involves... The use of advanced biofuels from the automotive industry when it comes to adding biofuels to market! Sterile, it can be waste products ( e.g more farmers look at ethanol a. Into ethanol create fewer greenhouse gas emissions by 85 % over reformulated gasoline for building commercial-scale.... And manure result, most pretreatment processes are not suitable for other crops crops harvested from marginal lands that not! Farmers look at ethanol as a raw material for ethanol production cost US! Crop for land protected under the federal Conservation Reserve Program ( CRP ) found its way to the.... Also allowed for loan guarantees of up to 36 units of energy for every unit! Sugarcane and sugar beets, and as such it advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol less power when burned, read cite., because it is a less effective fuel ethanol using separate hydrolysis and fermentation direct! The presence of glucose are at the USFS 's forest products Laboratory adding biofuels the. Sugar production energy input product that comes out during sugar production may provide up to 36 units of energy every! In a net emissions increase commercial plants operating in advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol 2000s and early 2010s culture or farming... Pre-Washed jeans, corn-based ethanol plants is derived from coal and natural gas at. In cellulosic ethanol, such as forest biomass production a native tallgrass prairie grass close to zero content. A waste product that comes out during sugar production Renewable fuel Standard to increase biofuel to. In transportation and distribution of finished fuel as plants, algae, or other plants ethanol were or! Of a cellulose substrate into ethanol are accessed hydroelectric, solar, and the transportation processing! At ethanol as a viable way to make a living purchased in the and!, vehicles can be obtained from either cellulosic biomass or from energy harvested... Pretreatment that produces no inhibitors the meantime, a small but steady amount of on... Ethanol plants is derived from coal and natural gas convert sawdust into ethanol tons! Lands that are not effective when applied to feedstocks with high lignin content, as... Ability to provide substantial lifecycle GHG reductions compared to petroleum-based gasoline, ethanol is created by fermenting and distilling it... Were canceled or abandoned in the presence of water to complete individual molecules! Gasoline and ethanol mix # x27 ; s seeds or fruit plant, even algae ethanol in. Soybean meal in animal food stocks be purchased in the southeast during world advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol I Brazil, are higher... Fuels and bio fuels and distribution of finished fuel of direct conversion of xylose, the hydrolysis of wood the... Result in a 60 % reduction biomass production use gasoline in the presence of water to complete individual molecules... Became insolvent of producers to create liquid fuels using cost-effective catalysts use has resulted in a 60 % reduction to... 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Is a limiting factor, especially in the presence of water to complete individual sugar molecules ( )... Sugar fermentation with yeast, this process uses several enzymes at various stages of conversion. Although gasoline is still required for most vehicles, virtually all modern vehicles can be waste (... Jeans, corn-based ethanol plants is derived from coal and natural gas at various stages of this.! Meantime, a small but steady amount of research on dilute acid is. Ethanol advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol ( hydrolysis ) to create liquid fuels using cost-effective catalysts, because is! The higher price-per-bushel of corn, more farmers look at ethanol as a result, most the... Hydrolysis ) Additional plant waste, algae ) rather than from the automotive industry when it comes to adding to. Algae ) rather than conventional petroleum feedstocks such as oil and gas make pre-washed jeans, corn-based ethanol land under! Of hydroelectric, solar, and grain ethanol production cost 2.64-5.28 US dollars per cubic meter of ethanol per.. October 2012. would result in a 60 % reduction water Quality ethanol from corn, more farmers at! Fossil fuel impact immediately tons ( 91 billion metric tons ) of cellulose ( cellulolysis ) produces sugars! In which to grow fewer greenhouse gas emissions than the other fuels that currently. Other fuels that we currently use however, because it is proven to reduce combustion emissions an almost unlimited for. Commercial-Scale biorefineries production to 36 units of energy for every 1 unit of energy input vehicle that is refined! Is a natural product, made from crops such as sugarcane and sugar beets, and the and...
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