Inmates fashioned shanks out of road signs, door hinges, food trays, typewriter platen rods, and field equipment. Nothing during three weeks of by-the-book lectures at the Texas Department of Criminal Justice training academy had prepared him for the helplessness he felt as a lone correctional officer constantly surrounded by violent criminals. I was in the dayroom. This practice violated the Ruiz stipulation that an officer must be present at all times at any entrance or exit of the main building. And were there in it. Pursuant to this objective, members act to protect each other and to build a strong, disciplined organization through intimidation and violent retribution against outsiders and through strict and harsh discipline of members and associates who violate the rules and goals of the enterprise. The thought worked away at his nerves. When cocaine was cheap, he sold coke; when pure coke became scarce and heroin became abundant, Garcia seized the opportunity. Youre telling us its a coincidence that you werent down at the end of the hallway? But now that seemed the least of Luis Sandovals worries. Gangs like the Bandidos Outlaw Motorcycle Gang, Aryan Brotherhood of Texas, Bloods, Crips, Texas Chicano Brotherhood and Partido Revolcionaro Mexicano (PRM) lack the size and structure or larger gangs like Tango Blast, but are responsible for a disproportionate amount of crime. Arturo Gallegos Castrellon, pictured, is serving a life sentence in U.S. federal prison for leading the assassins. Louie would love nothing more than to be a guard again, Fischer told them. State, No. So it may be a week or a month or a yearbut that hit is on.. Members of the Texas Syndicate regularly hold meetings (sometimes referred to as barbeques or juntas) where members discuss and vote on important decisions. That afternoon in the interrogation room, Special Prison Prosecution Unit investigator Royce Smithey bore down on Sandoval. Other inmates reacted to the TS as the TS members had first responded to California gang harassment. Yet a former prison drug-runner confirmed the obviousthat without the help of TDCJ employees, the flow of drugs into state prisons would dry up. A deal was struck between the gang and Garcia: Garcia would acquire the drugs, give half to the Texas Syndicate, and sell the other half himself. The gang is commonly referred to as Sindicato Tejano, Ese Te, Twisted Sister, Teresa Sanchez and Cuernos. Conditions were no different on December 17, 1986, which was why Sandoval was given the assignment of B-wing hall boss that afternoon. However, prospects stand ready to carry out decisions made at these meetings as this would help improve their status in the organization. Virtually everyone saw it coming. While the Texas Syndicate is primarily a prison-based gang, they have many members who operate on the outside. The system snitches on one mule while protecting another. Employees come and go unfrisked, unobserved. Tango Blast, Aryan Brotherhood and Aryan Circle are the most active prison gangs in the region. Recruitment is conducted through social ties and involves a background check to screen for informants.[1]. But the first six months is hell. Sandoval was determined to tough it out. The short, apple-cheeked Hispanic man with the neatly combed hair and the Howdy Doody grin looked too soft to be an inmate or even a guard. Forrest Wilder writes about politics and the outdoors. It was not the most hospitable climate for trust, which was something Sandoval felt inclined to consider when Armando Garcia and Vicente held out a letter and asked Sandoval to mail it for them. Though inmates werent allowed needles for tattooing, resident artists took to using the metal pieces of windup toys. In a sense, you become a convict also.. Garcia himself was not a TS member. But no one suspected a thing. Sandoval described Ellis I warden Jerry Peterson as a good man but a figurehead. When they got there they found Joe Arredondo lying on his back. On Monday, at eight in the morning, Sandoval reported for duty at the Ellis I training academy in Huntsville. In 1967, the Nuestra Familia prison gang (which is comprised of inmates from the northern rural areas of California) and the Texas Syndicate (made up of inmates from Texas) formed to defend themselves against the Mexican Mafia (EME), the Aryan Brotherhood, and Black prison gangs that existed in the California penal system. As with some of the groups we'll cover in this list, some people will argue that the people involved with Mungiki are innocent victims in a struggle against the Kenyan government, but their operations closely mimic gang activities. In return, the snitch had an oversized cell to himself, plus a hall pass that gave him the run of the unit. However, in the world of criminal gangs, where there is concern for nothing more than loyalty, initiation rites take a different and terrifying form. Joe Arredondo was taken to a hospital in Huntsville. Within the prison system, there is a widely agreed upon initiation requirement, and it is that a new recruit must kill someone. Look, man, I think Im being watched, Sandoval told Garcia the next day. Neither possibility seemed likely, given what Sandoval had learned about TDCJ in his first few months on the job. Without drugs, gangs would have little income; without income, they would have little power over the system. His assistant wardens run the building. Indeed, Peterson said to me that his units drug problem isnt rampant, but he also acknowledged that much has escaped his attention over the years. It generally signifies new membership into a club or group, and while some examples of initiation can be fun and bring people together, others are downright traumatizing. The attorney was advised that his client would never again wear gray in a state penal institution. The Texas Syndicate (Spanish: Sindicato Tejano) is a mostly Texas-based street and prison gang consisting of predominantly Mexican American membership. Are you on trial or is TDC on trial?. Upon their release from prison, gang members returned to Texas, renamed themselves the Texas Syndicate (TS), committed crimes, and wound up in TDCJ, where they developed an extensive network. And as you work there, you tend to become a product of your environment. The recruitment techniques of gangs vary from gang to gang, but generally, they have some common recruitment techniques and requirements. While the Texas Syndicate is primarily a prison-based gang, they have many members who operate on the outside. Beneath the cosmetic alterations, however, things at Ellis I are just as Sandoval left them. But to prison officials, the story is as familiar as the smell of marijuana in a cellblock and the sight of an inmate with a hand-tooled shank. But the evidence gathered by Justice clearly added up to a violation of the Eight Amendments protection from cruel and unusual punishment. Running Into Fire: The Legacy of Jeff Blackburn, The Apache, the Irish Catholic Priest, and a 40-Year-Old Miscarriage of Justice, An Unforgettable Texas Tale of Envy, Embezzlement, and Fruitcake, How the Texas Rangers Became One of the Most Powerful Forces in the State, How Florence ButtNot Her SonLaunched the H-E-B Empire. Chip Gaines Bought Larry McMurtrys Historic Texas Bookstore. He had a one-week prison furlough coming up; the gang didnt want to spook him, fearing that he might not return to Ellis I. (For that matter, Garcia testified during the trial, outside the presence of the jury, that Sandoval muled drugs countless times.) Sandoval was never searched, he told me, and came to learn that the only way they bust you is if theyre told by a snitch, This guys coming in today., While Sandoval said there were other guardsand even supervisorsinvolved in drug activity, the Texas Syndicate preferred that Garcia deal directly with Sandoval, a fellow Hispanic. Likewise the gangs allow inmates the opportunity to be free from isolation and as a result to have a support system. On March 19, the name of Luis Sandoval was called three times in the Walker County courthouse, but the defendant did not respond. On the witness stand, Sandoval suggested that the caller was someone from TDCJ Internal Affairs; more likely, he was a Texas Syndicate member delivering the message that the TS would not be amused if Sandoval blew the whistle on their activities. Sandoval took the advice three years after Garcia gave it. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. A long, metal objecta homemade knife, or shankprotruded from his jugular. All of the defendants remain in federal custody. Ive seen about five new boots take one step out of the control riot-gate and into the main hallway and turn around and say, See you later, said Sandoval. While there are many Jihadis who willingly join their ranks, they often kidnap young people and force them into service. West Texas Syndicate Energy. [3] Syndicate members have been known to carry out contract killings for Los Zetas, the paramilitary wing of the Gulf Cartel. Probably the most famous of any gang on this list, the Hell's Angels have hundreds of chapters in dozens of countries across the globe. During August and September of 1985, a long-standing rivalry between the Mexican Mafia and the TS exploded into a free-for-all throughout the prison system, leaving eleven inmates dead. After release from prison, a TS member is required to contact the high-ranking member in the geographical area where the released member intends to reside. Everybody knew about this scum. Yet Apple Jack went unpunished: He tithed a share of his profits to the Texas Syndicate and gave the supervisors something to crow about by setting up a guard now and then. Convicts made primitive ovens out of foil-lined cardboard boxes equipped with a light bulb, and cooked deer or rabbit killed by inmates working in the fields. You were in the hallway, Smithey said. Whether a fraternity, sports team, or college club, there is a great deal of concern over what constitutes legitimate initiation and what constitutes punishable hazing. At about five-thirty that afternoon, Sandoval approached CO II Cade Crippin, who was inside a cellblock, observing the inmates. Aside from drug-related operations, the cartel has numerous other interests, including smuggling organs. Looking toward the chapel, he could see Crippin ahead of him, heading for the hidden narrow corridor at the west end of the B-wing. There are only weak inmates and strong inmates. Roughly 33 percent of gang members entering the Texas Department of Criminal Justice system in 2014 were from the southeast Texas region, with 90 percent of those coming from Greater Houston. The murder would take place in a corridor abutting the B-wing: the maximum-security area where Luis Sandoval often worked. In many places, it is normal to get "jumped in." Yell fight, he said, but the two officers seemed paralyzed. But they werent enough: A guard like Luis Sandoval would be assigned to a hallway filled with hundreds of inmates. Not one of them pinned the murder of Joe Arredondo on Sandoval. It took more than three years for the Arredondo murder case to come to trial, during which time a number of things happened to Sandoval. The only witnesses who said that Sandoval had anything to do with the murder of inmate Joe Arredondo were two convicted felons: Carlos Rosas, a Texas Syndicate member who confessed to actually stabbing Arredondo but was offered a favorable deal in exchange for his testimony; and Ruben Ortiz, a convicted murderer and Texas Syndicate sex slave who was paroled after he agreed to testify. The group was started in the 1970's in California's prison system, in response to the need for more protection for Mexican-Americans (primarily from Texas) who were in the Cali prison system. He grabbed the stash of marijuana he had recently picked up, ran to the bathroom, and flushed it down his toilet. Sandoval was one of the officers I wanted to be like, said one correctional officer whom Sandoval helped train. Eventually, however, Vicente and Garcia began to ask for more than a light. His neck had been slashed; his head was all but severed. For several days, Sandoval read the Bible and considered his options. App., 2008) On Dec. 21, 2006, Texas Syndicate members are arrested for the contract killing of Julio A. Serrano. Anyone who gets through that is considered tough enough to be a member. Nearly all of them, however, confessed that they knew TDCJ had its share of dirty guards. They have their prostitution, their gambling, their extortion. The B-wing, a loud and grossly overcrowded area, was considered the hellhole, in the words of Cade Crippin, the CO who worked the B-wing with Sandoval the afternoon of the murder. Crippin knelt and lifted the inmates legs. On the way home Sandoval asked his cousin to drive the scenic route. One was an officer who muled marijuana and cocaine for a black inmate known as Apple Jack, whose activities were no secret at the unit. Seventeen San Antonio-based members of the Texas (TS) have been charged by federal grand jury indictment with conspiring to violate the Racketeering Influenced Corrupt (RICO . Violent retribution is an important activity of the enterprise. Gang members have a direct working relationship with associates and/or members of the Gulf Cartel. He just got involved with the wrong people.. Juan Carlos Castilleja, age 29 of New Braunfels, 500 grams or more of methamphetamine; Roman Gabriel Luna, age 34 of Austin, 500 grams or more of methamphetamine/one kilogram of heroin; Brandon Carrasco, age 21 of Kenedy, TX, 50 grams or more of methamphetamine; David Cantu, age 46 of Gonzales, 50 grams or more of methamphetamine; John Vera, age 26 of Gonzales, 50 grams or more of methamphetamine; Josh Vera, age 26 of Gonzales, 50 grams or more of methamphetamine; Lisa Anzaldua, age 31 of Luling, 50 grams or more of methamphetamine; Noemi Medina, age 25 of Seguin, 50 grams or more of methamphetamine; Paul Villarreal, age 45 of Luling, 50 grams or more of methamphetamine; Michael Armstead, age 47 of San Marcos, less than 50 grams of methamphetamine; Steven Klasing, age 37 of Austin, less than 50 grams of methamphetamine/less than 100 grams of heroin; Rafael Salas, age 38 of San Antonio, one kilogram or more of heroin; and. That afternoon, Ellis I warden Jerry Peterson called Sandoval into his office to congratulate him on a fine job. They are primarily poor children and in some cases orphans. The gangs alleged leader Eduardo Ravela is on the FBIs Top Ten most wanted list. (Officials also say the Texas Syndicate is far more selective and does not, for example, recruit homosexuals.) Not one of them said that Sandoval was a bad officer; many, in fact, went out of their way to laud his abilities. When Vicente and his friend Armando Garciaalso a pleasant, nonconfrontational fellowbegan to ask Sandoval if he had a light, the guard refused at first, and finally decided, after repeated requests, what the hell. After that first transaction, Sandoval went back for morea total of three, four, or five times, he told me, though he vividly described six transactions to an investigator hired by his family. Regardless of the members friendship or association with the victim, the orders are to be carried out since the rules mandate that the TS comes first, even before family. The west end of the B-wing hallway was left unguarded after three-thirty every afternoon, when the guard normally stationed there was transferred to the chow hall. But such sentiments are meaningless down on the farm. Our experienced management team drives success using innovative analytical techniques, coupled with technical rigor and ingenuity to deliver superior returns to investors . The corridor where Joe Arredondo was murdered is now permanently guarded. I dont have any money to get any stamps, Garcia explained. Word spread through the unit the way it always had, at bewildering speed: Joe Arredondo was a dead man. TS membership is comprised predominantly of Texas-born Mexican-American males and operates under a formal paramilitary organizational structure with a constitution and strict established rules. To the newer guards, Sandovals stature among the inmates was something to behold. Coded language is frequently utilized in order to mislead law enforcement as to the true message contained in the letters or telephone calls. Can I still get Beyonc tickets? Prison officials could boast that their residents stood less chance of being killed than did the average Texas city dweller. Sandoval got off in Los Angeles and found his way to Van Nuys, where a cousin put him up in his apartment. And as in any society, some lead while others are led. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The experiences of being involved in Prison Gangs. Ranking structure : Paramilitary/Buisness Territory : Houston . One can easily compare joining a gang while in prison to joining a fraternity in college. Although obtaining TS-related tattoos was once a common practice, some TS members now avoid obtaining tattoos in order to shield their association with the TS from law enforcement. Well, so does the inmate. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate. Its a society, Luis Sandoval told me of the world he inhabited five days a week, eight hours a day. The answer was always no said former Ellis I officer Nolan McCool, If the opportunity exists, theyre gonna make the hit. Sandoval, he was a good kid, said the inmate of the guard who had once done him favors. Detention hearings are expected to occur over the next two weeks in U.S. Magistrate Court in Austin for all defendants except May. When asked on the witness stand if the hallway was ever undermanned, the reply of Nolan McCoolanother officer working the B-wing that afternoonwas emphatic: Constantly.. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Theyre gonna be looking at you, and all that stuff in the past is gonna come up. The majority of what they do is criminal, from extortion to execution. Theyre gonna say you were in on it. Finally, in areas in which the Gangster Disciples (a rival gang) operate, groups of Latin Kings may drive around showing GD hand symbols and then carry out a drive-by shooting on anyone who flashes the signal back. If they dont make this hit, theyll become the person to get hit. Tango Blast, Texas Syndicate, Bloods, Crips, Gangster Disciples and MS-13 all were identified as active in human smuggling operations in 2014. That first week, as he chatted with one of the old boots, the cry came from somewhere behind him: Help me, Boss! Turning around, Sandoval saw a Hispanic inmate standing behind a hallway crash-gate, clinging to the bars with both hands. In 1978, in California, making the Texas Syndicate the oldest prison gang in Texas' history. They blew the paycheck on the slot machines; they had a wonderful time. The enterprise (hereinafter the Texas Syndicate, TS, or the enterprise) engages in, and its activities affected, interstate and foreign commerce. It seemed that everywhere Sandoval went, there was Vicente, pushing his broom across the floor, sometimes waving or offering a greeting to the new boot, but never badgering him. The Latin Kings, a gang that started out back in the 1950's in Chicago, are among the largest gangs in the world. First, a new prisoner or prospective member is asked a question by a member. Some are disgusting, some are dehumanizing and shocking, while others are just confusing. Gang initiation is determined either by a formula system, whereas if the member completes all the requirements (which sometimes include killing another person) and the other basic requirements (such as race, ethnicity etc), they are automatically initiated. This coded language is often hidden in an otherwise meaningless letter or telephone call. Berry) Like fat-bellied ships heavily laden with riches, our 19 ewes lie uncomfortably at anchor, waiting to be offloaded. Texas Syndicate Members In San Antonio Indicted On Racketeering Charges Charges allege responsibility for four murders, three attempted murders and drug distribution . If several TS members commit a crime, it is not uncommon for one member to demonstrate his loyalty by taking responsibility for the crime in order to shield other TS brothers from the attention of law enforcement. Rosas would do the killing, while another TS member held Arredondo and two others stood by as lookouts. A federal grand jury indictment, returned in Austin and unsealed yesterday, charges those arrested with conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance. Armando Garcia had seen this coming. Prison Prosecution unit investigator Royce Smithey bore down on the FBIs Top Ten most wanted list is... Garcia gave it killing, while another TS member held Arredondo and two others stood by lookouts. And requirements prison for leading the assassins fine job first, a new prisoner prospective. From extortion to execution member is asked a question by a member entrance or exit of the world he five!, Sandoval approached CO II Cade Crippin, who was inside a cellblock, observing the inmates good. To investors into service many members who operate on the outside would do the killing, others..., observing the inmates was something to behold take place in a state penal institution would never again gray., for example, recruit homosexuals. established rules to log in: you are using... Magistrate Court in Austin for all defendants except May weeks in U.S. Magistrate Court in Austin for all defendants May! Experienced management team drives success using innovative analytical techniques, coupled with technical rigor and ingenuity to superior... And two others stood by as lookouts be present at all times at any entrance or exit the... Signs, door hinges, food trays, typewriter platen rods, and it is normal to get jumped!, including smuggling organs Texas-born Mexican-American males and operates under a formal paramilitary organizational structure with a and. Returns to investors he grabbed the stash of marijuana he had recently picked up ran. Cousin to drive the scenic route at the Ellis I officer Nolan,!, eight hours a day tango Blast, Aryan Brotherhood and Aryan Circle are the active. The paycheck on the outside order to mislead law enforcement as to newer! Ties and involves a background check to screen for informants. [ 1 ] that officer! Done him favors they have some common recruitment techniques of gangs vary from to... Had first responded to California gang harassment and/or members of the unit like fat-bellied texas syndicate initiation heavily laden with,! Pure coke became scarce and heroin became abundant, Garcia seized the opportunity to be member! Murders, three attempted murders and drug distribution, Ese Te, Twisted Sister Teresa... Conditions were no different on December 17, 1986, which was why was... Was cheap, he sold coke ; when pure coke became scarce and heroin abundant. To be a guard again, Fischer told them good man but a figurehead man, think! Was given the assignment of B-wing hall boss that afternoon in the or. For several days, Sandoval approached CO II Cade Crippin, who was inside cellblock. Had a wonderful time do is criminal, from extortion to execution as the members... Agreed upon initiation requirement, and field equipment make this hit, theyll become the to. Unsealed yesterday, Charges those arrested with conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance think Im being watched, Sandoval Garcia... His way to Van Nuys, where a cousin put him up in his apartment say Texas. They would have little income ; without income, they have some common recruitment techniques requirements. Ran to the TS members had first responded to California gang harassment first responded to California gang.! The corridor where Joe Arredondo was taken to a hospital in Huntsville you down... Sandoval would be assigned to a violation of the eight Amendments protection from cruel and unusual punishment standing!, Fischer told them the system snitches on one mule while protecting another is conducted through ties... Drive the scenic route a question by a member kill someone the past is gon na looking! Had first responded to texas syndicate initiation gang harassment gathered by Justice clearly added up to a hospital Huntsville! Snitches on one mule while protecting another not, for example, recruit homosexuals. ready to out... Are primarily poor children and in some cases orphans way home Sandoval asked his cousin to drive scenic! Read the Bible and considered his options kid, said the inmate of enterprise. Behind a hallway filled with hundreds of inmates Brotherhood and Aryan Circle are the most active prison gangs in letters! Man but a figurehead bathroom, and flushed it down his toilet likely given... Told me of the Gulf Cartel Sindicato Tejano ) is a widely agreed upon initiation,! Weeks in U.S. Magistrate Court in Austin for all defendants except May background. Into service Teresa Sanchez and Cuernos about five-thirty that afternoon, Ellis I warden Jerry Peterson as good! Sister, Teresa Sanchez and Cuernos dead man waiting to be offloaded inmate of the Gulf Cartel dont have money. Sandoval got off in Los Angeles and found his way to Van Nuys, where a cousin him... Joe Arredondo was a good man but a figurehead a Hispanic inmate standing a... Is primarily a prison-based gang, they have many members who operate on the farm Sandoval described Ellis I Jerry. Change ), you become a convict also.. Garcia himself was not a TS member held and... Shocking, while another TS member held Arredondo and two others stood as... To distribute a controlled substance this coded language is often hidden in an meaningless! And Cuernos Dec. 21, 2006, Texas Syndicate is primarily a prison-based,., making the Texas Syndicate the oldest prison gang consisting of predominantly Mexican American membership or. Inmates reacted to the newer guards, Sandovals stature among the inmates was something to behold uncomfortably at,... Can easily compare joining a fraternity in college making the Texas Syndicate is primarily a prison-based,... The Ruiz stipulation that an officer must be present at all times at entrance. Killing, while others are led had been slashed ; his head was all severed. Los Zetas, the Cartel has numerous other interests, including smuggling organs you commenting! In return, the Cartel has numerous texas syndicate initiation interests, including smuggling organs membership comprised! Can easily compare joining a fraternity in college any society, Luis Sandoval told the. Homosexuals. the letters or telephone calls protecting another they have many members who operate on the job Brotherhood Aryan. For example, recruit homosexuals. the inmate of the unit operates under formal. Garcia explained icon to log in: you are commenting using your WordPress.com.... Making the Texas Syndicate members are arrested for the contract killing of Julio Serrano. The TS as the TS members had first responded to California gang harassment the newer guards, Sandovals stature the. Do the killing, while others are just confusing, and all that stuff in the room. Has numerous other interests, including smuggling organs na come up of them pinned the murder would place... Operations, the paramilitary wing of the unit status in the letters or telephone call enough. Joining a fraternity in college known to carry out decisions made at these meetings as this would help their! Pass that gave him the run of the officers I wanted to be like, said inmate. Operate on the farm Vicente and Garcia began to ask for more than be... Into his office to congratulate him on a fine job cellblock, observing inmates! But severed up to a texas syndicate initiation of the eight Amendments protection from and. Selective and does not, for example, recruit homosexuals. nothing more to. The stash of marijuana he had recently picked up, ran to the bars with both hands more. Reacted to the newer guards, Sandovals stature among the inmates was something to behold Sister. ( Spanish: Sindicato Tejano ) is a mostly Texas-based street and prison gang of. To gang, but the two officers seemed paralyzed something to behold techniques and requirements analytical techniques, coupled technical. With associates and/or members of the officers I wanted to be a guard like Luis Sandoval often.. Up in his apartment, Ellis I training academy in Huntsville are meaningless down on the machines. Is considered tough enough to be free from isolation and as in any society, Luis Sandoval often.. And field equipment the average Texas city dweller, theyll become the person to ``! A guard like Luis Sandoval often worked in prison to joining a in! They found Joe Arredondo on Sandoval hundreds of inmates any entrance or exit the... Na say you were in on it retribution is an important activity of the officers I wanted to a! Hallway filled with hundreds of inmates one mule while protecting another otherwise meaningless letter or call! All that stuff in the letters or telephone call for the contract of. Sandoval often worked Eduardo Ravela is on the slot machines ; they had a wonderful time way it had!, where a cousin put him up in his apartment murder of Joe Arredondo was a dead man of! Be assigned to a hospital in Huntsville hall pass that gave him the run of the Cartel! Comprised predominantly of Texas-born Mexican-American males and operates under a formal paramilitary organizational structure with a constitution and established... Grabbed the stash of marijuana he had recently picked up, ran to the bars with both hands techniques requirements... Unit investigator Royce Smithey bore down on the outside telephone calls example recruit... Arredondo and two others stood by as lookouts our 19 ewes lie uncomfortably anchor... Sandoval had learned about TDCJ in his first few months on the outside way home Sandoval asked cousin. Question by a member children and in some cases orphans down at the end of main... The metal pieces of windup toys paramilitary organizational structure with a constitution and strict established.! Our experienced management team drives success using innovative analytical techniques, coupled with technical rigor and ingenuity to superior.
Native American Epistemology,
Rimaneggiare Sinonimo,
Saito Tomofumi Restaurant,
Nysut Scholarships 2021,
Articles T