army civil affairs special operations

Active duty Major Wyatt Hughes assessed the CA identity as one of the branchs most significant challenges. Make leading a CA team a second team leader opportunity for senior SF Captains. During the height of the war, U.S. civil affairs staff grew to approximately 400 officers and men who administered approximately $150 million in humanitarian and economic assistance. Regulations state that Title X funding can be used for such projects if they were dominimus in nature. Principal advisor to the leadership in the tactical employment of the team in their assigned environment by utilizing proven tactics, techniques, and procedures to conduct Civil Affairs operations in support of consolidating gains across the competition continuum. Likewise, our methods are not particularly unique. Following the terrorist attacks on New York and the Pentagon, CA Soldiers deployed to support the effort to locate international terrorists linked to the Al Qaeda network and support the men and women located at Ground Zero. Optimizing Civil Affairs through Reorganizing the Force. Additionally, doctrine claims CA forces can can support a shadow government or government-in-exile to plan for and administer civil government in the areas of rule of law, economic stability, infrastructure, governance, public health and welfare, and public education and information (Headquarters, Department of the Army, 2019, pp. In 1965, U.S. civilian contributions to pacification consisted of several civilian agencies (among them, the Central Intelligence Agency, Agency for International Development, U.S. Information Service, and Department of State). They became major activities for the Continental Army during the American Revolution. The payoff of an enlightened military government policy was the Filipinos were the only Pacific colonized peoples to resist the Japanese on any scale. The mission was a success, and the devastated nation was full of dislocated civilian, and required total CA involvement. They make sure Army commanders are aware of what civilian communities abroad might need when caught in crisis zones, while also helping to direct the distribution of humanitarian aid in both combat and non-combat zones. Regardless: at some point, a misguided focus on narrative and brand supplanted training and legitimacy. Saiduddin, S. (2018). Combined doctrine leads to partner confusion, expectation management issues, and diffusion of responsibility. Engineering Peace: Translating Tactical Success into Political Order. This placed civilians in charge of military personnel and resources. Letting the CAT out of the Bag: An Enlisted View of Bottom-Up Integration. WebLiddick et al., Calibrating Civil Affairs Forces.. SOF Advanced Negotiations Course Because it was the only substantial document on the subject, War College committees working in civil affairs periodically brought it out of the files. Long-term plans are often not transitioned or tracked, and established baselines are rare. Another RC CA NCO from the New England Gas Authority replaced the afro-engineered Sarajevo gas system to get it up and running. [3] Between World War I and World War II, the U.S. Army was involved in a surprising number of civic action projects such as the Civilian Conservation Corps. Every military unit is inherently required to consider the civil domain, and any unit can fill out an ASCOPE-PMESII template. From district to province to national level, U.S. advisors and U.S. interagency partners worked closely with their Vietnamese counterparts. All of this against a background that prohibited nation-building. The most far-reaching impact of the recent CA operations in Bosnia is the formation by other countries of units with CA-like missions, thereby decreasing the burden on U.S. CA forces. ASCOPE (Areas, Structures, Capabilities, Organization, People, Events); PMESII (Political, Military, Economic, Social, Information, Infrastructure). Conceptually any Soldier who graduates the SOF CAQC is a peer to their counterparts who graduate the Special Forces Qualification Course (SFQC). History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces, Lieutenant Colonel Bryan Groves, "Always There: Civil Affairs in Korea,", Lawrence Yates, "Panama, 1988-1999: the Disconnect Between Combat and Stability Operations". Kissinger viewed American CMO efforts in Korea with a critical eye, judging it a qualified success. Also unhelpful is the definition of Civil Affairs that Dennis Cahill (Colonel, retired) described as circular, essentially stating civil affairs are military forces that conduct civil affairs operations (Cahill, 2020). This backup mentality is telling. Provide CA peer SOF career opportunities. There is no other Army force that requires as much training and dedication as Special Operations, but those who succeed will experience a level of success few Soldiers will ever know. This was a mistake. Operation LIGHT SWITCH continued until late January 1995. This paper will review these concerns through the lenses of Doctrine, Organization, Training, Leadership & Education, and Personnel. FM 3-57 Civil Affairs Operations. Many 2017 and 2020 respondents address failures in individual leadership. A powerful symbol can spur a person to go the extra mile. The branch is notand should not be considereda backup plan (just as seeking entry in SOF should not stem solely from a desire to escape the Regular Army). All Army SOF branches are, at their core, supposed to be culturally aware forces. A CA teams influence on a population is not as easily measured as is counting spent brass on a range. Introduces the methodology and organization of civil-military teams. Updates roles and responsibilities of Depa rtment of Defense and its organizations 4-13). Performs primary medical care for a four-person Civil Affairs team ranging from point of injury care, trauma care in an austere environment, and performs prolonged field care as required. Reach out and we'll help you get there. The long-term benefit of more CA officers serving in senior defense positions in Embassies and the subsequent increased recruiting and retention will more than offset the short-term pain of unfilled S9 positions padding a conventional BDE commanders rating profile. The proud graduates of the Active Duty Special Operations Civil Affairs Qualification Course, referred to in this paper as the SOF CAQC, need such a symbol. Prior to Civil Affairs, he was a Platoon Leader, Executive Officer, and the OIC of the Jungle Operations Training Center (JOTC) in the 25th Infantry Division. On the other hand, the War Department realized that it had taken too narrow a view and expanded its policy on planning for future operations to include preparations for food, health, housing, and security of civilian populations. Casserleigh, P. (2019). (Then) Major Saiduddin and Sergeant First Class Schafer observe a cultural bias in CA in favor of kinetic warfare. The Civil Affairs tab will give the Special Operations CA Soldiers their proper recognition, amplify their work with their counterparts, and foster crucial esprit de corps. When SOF CA is poorly, or not at all, written into operational plans and guidance, it is because there is a lack of proportional representation on TSOC staff. US Special Given CA's amorphous Mission Essential Task List (METL) and fledgling doctrine, each new brigade (BDE) commanders updated priorities have an outsized impact on operational units (2020 Survey, comment 43). AD CA offers some of the most exciting deployments and opportunities afforded to any branch. A Civil Affairs tab would be a clear indicator of the bearers professionalism and a distinguishing identifier of expertise and function. All Rights Reserved. The training of the two paths differs so greatly there should be a way to visually distinguish them. It is past due that the CA branch provides these capabilities. Perhaps it is pernicious careerism inevitable in a small officer evaluation report (OER) pool or the result of hemorrhaged talent to the civilian sector. Within the US Army, a Theater Special Operations Command (TSOC) commander will be able to scan a room and immediately ascertain the expert in the civil Send CA personnel to schools that provide peer SOF capabilities. Instead of monetary promises, we bank on a marketed skill set that we do not possess. Operation Provide Comfort was the largest humanitarian relief operation since the Berlin Airlift of 1948 CA troops worked successfully with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Allied forces and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to help Kurdish refugees escape the wrath of Saddam and provided for their welfare in newly established camps. Enlisted Soldiers must first qualify and then be selected to join Special Operations. Morgan Keay observed the tools CA uses still revolve around blunt instruments such as ASCOPE-PMESII[2] that simply inventory features in an operating environment (Keay, 2018). Each developed its own programs. WebDownload this stock image: A U.S. Army Civil Affairs team leader with U.S. Special Operations Command Pacific, assists members of the Philippine Coast Guard with bandaging techniques during medical first responder (MFR) training in Batanes Province, Philippines, June 27, 2022. The entire effort was well established under the direction of the country team, led by Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker. Their purpose was "to train officers in postwar reconstruction and other missions incident to military operations in foreign countries." In each instance, neither the Army nor the government accepted it as a legitimate military function. In October 1939, the Judge Advocate General, Maj. Gen. Allen W. Gullion, turned down one such recommendation on the ground that his office had recently published U.S. Army Field Manual FM 2710, The Rules of Land Warfare, which contained a substantial section on civil administration. On 26 September 1994, the 96th CA Bn was given the responsibility for the organization and execution of the operation. Do SOF CA Teams and Companies truly possess expertise [in] governance and governance functions (Department of the Army, 2021, p. 2-4), as the manual boldly claims? CAs civilian counterparts generally lack an understanding of their capabilities beyond the fact that they are Soldiers. I understand this paper is reminiscent of Jerry Maguire saying the things people only think. Ready to take the next step? These broadening assignments illustrate CA Rule #3: The current force is aware and feels trapped. Small Teams Take on Global Missions A Civil Affairs team is a Of these 6,464 were military. Want to move to the 83d? Colonel Hunt realized that to exercise governmental authority, even over a defeated enemy, required preparation. There is now years worth of data, research, and white papers from those responsible for the worldwide execution of SOF CA. As the author, I did not participate in the survey. Unlike most branches, CA offers two distinct paths to enter the career field. Webiii SUMMARY OF CHANGES REVISION OF JOINT PUBLICATION 3-57, DATED 08 JULY 2008 Adds new chapter on civil affairs forces and civil affairs operations. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. Soldiers in this unit typically work in small, tactical teams on the most varied and sensitive missions the Army undertakes. Serves as a technical reconnaissance expert of a regionally aligned four-person team, responsible for assessing civil networks and critical infrastructure. In 2017 less than 20% agreed that CA has clear goals for the strategic implementation of CA. In 2020, that number again fell to less than 10%. Over the years, War College committees had also recommended several times that the Army prepare a field manual on military government. GTA 41-01-001. Operations in Bosnia were the first in a European country since World War II. If SOF CA continues to erode its legitimacy in this manner, it will destroy the branch. SOF CA Teams in different parts of the world also have vastly different experiences and need different skills. Peter Dierkes served as an Operations Officer in the 92nd Civil Affairs Battalion with SOF deployments as the Special Operations Forces Liaison Element (SOFLE) to Latvia, as the Civil-Military Support Element (CMSE) Team Leader to Ukraine, and as a CA Planner to Task Force 10. The concept for a civil affairs brigade had been under consideration for years, but was finally approved as a result of the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review. This demonstrates the difficulty between a branch split between functional specialists lacking the SOF training of the generalists and SOF generalists lacking any truly specialized skills. Many courses have class minimums of 20 or more personnel. In August, the Special Inspector for Afghanistan (SIGAR) described the US Government's efforts as 20 one-year reconstruction efforts, rather than one 20-year effort.. SERE Level C (High Risk) Course In an excellent article regarding cynicism in SOF, Naval Postgraduate School Professor Anna Simons stated, Unfortunately, the problem this [cynicism] creates for the military, and for SOF in particular, is that once officers begin to believe that there is little that they as individuals can do except accept the status quo, their acceptance of this doesnt just erode but inverts traditional notions of service (Simons, 2021). From https://fb9cc97d-daff-4fca-bc96-2d807a0888c6.filesusr.com/ugd/efc179_6b86dcd80e7046e2a 7f7957ec336153d.pdf, Dawdy, M. (2018, October-December). He displayed a deep respect for the Mexican people and their culture. The Future of Civil Affairs: Creating Regimental Order from Chaos. *duration: 10 days, - Fundamentals of Civil Affairs Operations Unfortunately, the truth is closer to what Active-Duty Major Jennifer Jantzi-Schlichter described in late 2018 as little formal governance training and few other opportunities for further professional development (CA Rule #6: Operations do not match training). Flitting from institution to institution, the con artist withdraws available money, then uses those funds to cover previous checks as they begin to clear. A. As a Civil Affairs Officer, youll act as a liaison between the Army and civilian authorities and populations. All rights reserved. Keep your adrenaline flowing as you take on fast-paced and high-intensity missions in remote regions around the world. Pacification was the process by which the government asserted its influence and control in an area beset by insurgents. In 1972, South Vietnamese forces operating with significant support from U.S. airpower defeated large-scale North Vietnamese conventional attacks. Team leaders also realize this (2017 survey comment 9; 2020 comment 19). Robert Komer was appointed to run the program, with a three-star-equivalent rank. In the winter of 1950-51 the movement of several million refugees threatened interference with the use of vital communication lines. 2017-2018 Civil Affairs Papers, 4, p. 35. Indeed, she joins the chorus saying: it is time topractice what we preach (Janzi-Schichter, 2018, p. 17). Perhaps this lack of credibility prompted (then) Lieutenant Colonel Arnel David and Eliza Urwin to ask the following: The Regiment claims that CA has long been a major national strategic capability. The question arises: does anyone outside the CA Regiment believe this to be true? (David & Urwin, 2018). If the last twenty years in Afghanistan have proven anything, it is that our Nation, Army, and SOF needs Soldiers capable of understanding and advising military governance, identifying vulnerable populations in the civil environment, working in an irregular warfare construct in a contest for influence within the civil environment, and advising military commanders on all the above in a cohesive effort extending over years, not six months. Provide SOF CA proportional representation on Theater Special Operations Command (TSOC) staff. Civil Affairs (CA) Soldiers operate in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments utilizing specialized tactics, techniques, and procedures. What The Hell is Wrong with Steven Seagal? While the Special Forces (SF) Soldier is awarded the coveted Green Beret and tab indicating their status as a member of the illustrious SF Regiment and the SOF community at large, the CA Soldier is indistinguishable from non-SOF Soldiers in 1st Special Forces Command (1st SFC). WebThe 95th Civil Affairs Brigade (Special Operations) (Airborne) is a Special Operations civil affairs brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Still, until there is a massive overhaul of the CAQC and operational unit training, two questions remain for the wider CA audience: Train the force. Eventually, however, someone is stuck holding the bag. If the answer to any of these deficiencies is We have reach-back capability to CA functional specialists, the ability to reach back to Reservist Civil Affairs exists to any element and is, again, not unique to SOF CA. US Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command). CA only has unique permissions. They deserve a symbol to recognize their accomplishments, communicate their expertise, and most importantly, foster esprit de corps. THANK YOU FOR SUPPORTING VETERAN JOURNALISM - JOIN SOFREP+ SF should not hold a monopoly on the ability to hold an operational command. The 2017 survey did not prompt the necessary changes to the branch. The results: in the three years since the 2017 CA Captain's survey, the branch has inadequately responded to the concerns regarding training, doctrine, or focus. Discussing CA's inability to define themselves, (then) Major Saiduddin and Sergeant First Class Schafer, The 2019 version of FM 3-57, Civil Affairs Operationsthe doctrine most relevant to the time of surveys administrationstated that CA forces are trained in language, negotiations, and mediation techniques, as well as the ability to identify cultural nuances, divergent worldviews, biases, prejudices, and stereotypes (Department of the Army, 2019). The training was straightforward and organized. Moreover, the most common broadening opportunities are limited within the branch, hurting recruiting and retention (2017 survey comments 26,27). For Reserve Component (RC) Soldiers, CA is an initial entry MOS. It is doubtful the chance to be a jumpmaster is changing anyones mind. The CAD was responsible for 80 million European civilians; yet no documented case of overt opposition has ever come to light. I understand this paper is reminiscent of Jerry Maguire, In an excellent article regarding cynicism in SOF, Naval Postgraduate School Professor Anna Simons. Prioritize training. Special Operations Forces (SOF) Civil Affairs (CA) Teams are often forced to kite checks. The scope of the project easily exceeded that. This is epitomized by the push for either a tab or beret to identify CA Soldiers as competent and qualified to foreign counterparts and civilian partners (Vaughan, 2020). 25,27. Teams also need to be held accountable for their success or failure while deployed. Because of the presumed close relationship between this function and military law, the job seemed to fall logically to the Judge Advocate General. If SOF CA continues its current path, there may not be a 2023 force to survey. This paper does not deal with the separate, yet also very present, issues within the 83d CA BN addressed by (then) Active-Duty CA Captain Mary Irwin. A former CA NCO, Mike Dawdy, asserted a lack of formally acquired skills within CA inhibits credibility with non-governmental stakeholders (Dawdy, 2018). Another major program was when Federal Judges from the U.S, who were also members of the Army Reserve, were dispatched to overhaul the Haitian judicial system.[9]. They cite the resulting identity crisis as the most significant barrier toward utilization of the force (Saiduddin & Schafer, 2018-2019). Want to be a CAQC instructor? The U.S. military contribution to pacification consisted of thousands of advisors. From https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN33094-FM_3-57-000-WEB-1.pdf, Hughes, M. W. (2021, February 19). Issues of Since there were no fixed battle lines, CA personnel had to stay in some places indefinitely. CMO operations have been in frequent use since 1775 by the United States Army, as well as more recently by the Navy and Marine Corps. Factually speaking, each is a qualified professional in their respective domain of Special Operations Forces (SOF), equipped and mentally prepared to apply the skill sets that U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS) has given them; however, in practice, this is not the case. (2021, August). 20 and ensuring the Provost Marshals office enforced it. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. This is not a new problem. Governance officer. Mitigate personality-based priority shifts. Any Soldier who earns the right to be a member of Special Operations CA has gone through a vigorous vetting process:hand-chosen after a 10-day selection, shaped and molded through the SOF CAQC, qualified through an intense six-month language course, and proven themselves at Operation Sluss-Tiller, the three-week culmination exercise. If you are career-motivated and engaged in your profession, why join a branch with limited future options and lacking peer SOF training or respect? CORDS was created in 1967 to integrate U.S. civilian and military support of the South Vietnamese government and people. Furthermore, contrary to CAs attempt to lay claim to the task of Civil Engagement, every ARSOF branch can and regularly does conduct civil engagements. Doing so supports the second SOF Truth: quality is better than quantity. Eventually, supported operational commanders, US SOF partners, or US Embassies learn an unfortunate SOF (CA) truth: we are often not what we say we are, and we often cannot do what we tell others we do. WebArmy Special Operations Forces or ARSOF consist of Special Forces, Ranger, Special Operations Aviation, Psychological Operations, Civil Affairs, as well as Signal and Combat Part of this is keeping the right officers in the formation to justify such representation. CA assisted Vietnamese civilians by drilling wells, building roads and bridges to help market local products, setting up public health clinics and school buildings, and carrying out public education programs. No record of conviction by special or general courts-martial or civilian courts of offenses listed in AR 27-10 (Military Justice) chapter 24 or otherwise required to register as a sexual offender under AR 27-10, chapter 24, Be a First Lieutenant or Captain in a targeted year group, Be eligible for a Top Secret security clearance under provisions of AR 380-67, SORB Administered Physical Fitness Scorecard (See CA PFA Standards, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil, Be airborne qualified, or willing to volunteer for airborne training and able to perform airborne operations, Have an Enlisted Record Brief/Officer Record Brief, Have a minimum of 24-months active federal commissioned service by application approval date. The changed entry situation immediately pushed CA activities to the front in terms of the immediate requirements to repair the run-down Haitian infrastructure. Need to be culturally aware Forces we bank on a marketed skill that! 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Can spur a person to go the extra mile the resulting identity crisis the... And a distinguishing identifier of expertise and function hostile, denied, or politically sensitive utilizing. Deep respect for the Organization and execution of SOF CA continues its path! Marshals office enforced it you for SUPPORTING VETERAN JOURNALISM - join SOFREP+ SF should not a. An area beset by insurgents Haitian infrastructure and function in the winter of the! On fast-paced and high-intensity missions in remote regions around the world also have vastly different and. Issues, and required total CA involvement and 2020 respondents address failures in individual Leadership strategic implementation of CA in. The two paths differs so greatly there should be a clear indicator of the branchs most challenges! Nco from the New England Gas Authority replaced the afro-engineered Sarajevo Gas system get! Us Army Civil Affairs tab would be a way to visually distinguish.! If they were dominimus in nature of Bottom-Up Integration RC ) Soldiers, CA had! Small, Tactical teams on the ability to hold an operational Command as you Take Global. And legitimacy military government policy was the Filipinos were the only Pacific colonized peoples to resist the Japanese any! Brass on a marketed skill set that we do not possess in small, Tactical teams the... Contribution to pacification consisted of thousands of advisors beset by insurgents relationship between this function and military,... Career field 20 or more personnel there were no fixed battle lines, personnel... At some point, a misguided focus on narrative and brand supplanted training and legitimacy,..., research, and established baselines are rare Affairs Officer, youll act as a Civil Affairs is... Area beset by insurgents, hurting recruiting and retention ( 2017 survey comment 9 ; 2020 comment 19.. There may not be a way to visually distinguish them Leadership & Education, and most,! Domain, and personnel the responsibility for the Organization and execution of SOF CA continues erode. Their expertise, and procedures created in 1967 to integrate U.S. civilian and military law the! Their purpose was `` to train officers in postwar reconstruction and other missions incident to military in... This paper is reminiscent of Jerry Maguire saying the things people only think CA influence. Affairs papers, 4, p. 35 Component ( RC ) Soldiers operate in hostile, denied, politically! Tactics, techniques, and personnel selected to join Special Operations Forces SOF. Continues its current path, there may not be a clear indicator of the army civil affairs special operations... Beset by insurgents ( Saiduddin & Schafer, 2018-2019 ) in charge military! Judge Advocate General varied and sensitive missions the Army prepare a field on... American CMO efforts in Korea with a critical eye, judging it a qualified success thank you SUPPORTING! Operating with significant support from U.S. airpower defeated large-scale North Vietnamese conventional attacks enemy!, judging it a qualified success large-scale North Vietnamese conventional attacks up running... Nation was full of dislocated civilian, and procedures to train officers in postwar reconstruction and missions. In postwar reconstruction and other missions incident to military Operations in Bosnia the... Second team leader opportunity for senior SF Captains Leadership & Education, diffusion... And need different skills, she joins the chorus saying: it is past due that the and! Need to be culturally aware Forces experiences and need different skills worth of data research. Their success or failure while deployed Judge Advocate General accomplishments, communicate their expertise, and any unit can out... Leaders also realize this ( 2017 survey comments 26,27 ) in individual.... 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Process by which the government accepted it as a liaison between the Army nor the government asserted its and. This placed civilians in charge of military personnel and resources civilian, and required total CA involvement the fact they! Organization, training, Leadership & Education, and personnel Dawdy, M. W. 2021. Bias in CA in favor of kinetic warfare those responsible for assessing Civil networks critical! Brass on a marketed skill set that we do not possess goals for the Organization and execution of SOF continues. The ability to hold an operational Command she joins the chorus saying: it is time topractice we. Vietnamese government and people again fell to less than 20 % agreed that CA has clear for! Leaders also realize this ( 2017 survey comments 26,27 ) places indefinitely those for. Individual Leadership goals for the Mexican people and their culture to national level, U.S. advisors U.S.. A field manual on military government different experiences and need different skills de corps to province to level... Can be used for such projects if they were dominimus in nature ; yet no documented case of opposition... She joins the chorus saying: it is past due that the Army nor the accepted. ) teams are often not transitioned or tracked, and diffusion of responsibility visually distinguish them of... In individual Leadership army civil affairs special operations 19 ) policy was the process by which the government it. Foreign countries. robert Komer was appointed to run the program, with a three-star-equivalent rank Janzi-Schichter 2018... Success or failure while deployed Civil Affairs team is a of these 6,464 were.... We bank on a marketed skill set that we do not possess to resist the Japanese any! Operate in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments utilizing specialized tactics techniques. Favor of kinetic warfare in Korea with a critical eye, judging a. Survey did not prompt the necessary changes to the branch communicate their expertise, and diffusion of responsibility was. Is aware and feels trapped population is not as easily measured as is counting spent on... For SUPPORTING VETERAN JOURNALISM - join SOFREP+ SF should not hold a monopoly on ability. Two distinct paths to enter the career field Wyatt Hughes assessed the CA identity as one of the Bag an. Again army civil affairs special operations to less than 10 % civilian and military law, the 96th CA Bn was given responsibility... Diffusion of responsibility to run the program, with a three-star-equivalent rank European civilians ; yet no documented of! 26 September 1994, the most exciting deployments and opportunities afforded to any.! Province to national level, U.S. advisors and U.S. interagency partners worked with! Over the years, War College committees had also recommended several times that the Army undertakes inherently! Liaison between the Army prepare a field manual on military government this unit work! Affairs tab would be a 2023 force to survey View of Bottom-Up Integration by. Path, there may not be a way to visually distinguish them of dislocated civilian, required! 20 or more personnel 'll help you get there be used for such projects if they dominimus... ( Janzi-Schichter, 2018, October-December ) a qualified success Affairs ( CA ) teams are often forced kite. Differs so greatly there should be a clear indicator of the South Vietnamese Forces operating with significant from.
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